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Abstract

This study aimed to formulate and evaluate transdermal gels containing the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug naproxen, using different polymers including Carbopol 934P, HPMC K4M and sodium CMC as gelling agents. Twelve formulations (F1 to F12) were prepared and subjected to physicochemical evaluation; FTIR results confirmed complete chemical compatibility between the drug and excipients and the pH of all samples (in the range of 5.80 to 6.55) was found to be favorable for skin safety. Increasing the polymer concentration increased the viscosity of the gels and directly controlled the drug release rate in in vitro tests. Formulation F4 (Carbopol 2.0%) was selected as the optimal formulation due to its suitable viscosity, providing a more controlled release profile and exhibiting the highest drug penetration in vitro (260 μg/cm2 in 8 hours). The results of drug release kinetics (Krasmeer-Peppas model with n coefficient in the range of 0.5 < n < 1.0) indicated a non-Fickian release mechanism. Overall, F4 gel offers great potential for development as an efficient topical carrier of naproxen with the aim of improved bioavailability. Carbopol 934P, being a cross-linked polyacrylic acid, provided excellent properties and shear-thinning behavior, which are desirable for patient-friendly topical application. HPMC K4M, a hydrophilic cellulose ability and moderate viscosity, while sodium CMC enhanced the aqueous dispersion stability of the formulation. Among all tested formulations. These findings collectively indicate that F4 formulation not only meets the basic requirements of a topical semisolid but also offers a promising platform for enhancing the local bioavailability of naproxen potentially reducing systemic side effects.

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